gene

 natural allele

 Phenotype of Knockouts or other functions

Wnt1

(previously called int-1)

swaying

Thomas, 1991

• loss midbrain, loss cerebellum McMahon 1990 Thomas KR, 1990, McMahon 1992
• deficiency in neural crest derivatives, reduction in dorsolateral neural precursors in the neural tube together with Wnt-3A KO Ikeya M, et al.
• decrease in the number of thymocytes (with Wnt-4 deletion; Mulroy 2002)

Wnt2

(previously called irp)

• placental defects Monkley, 1996
• Defective lung development (with Wnt2b; Goss, 2009)

• retinal cell differentiation Kubo, 2003, Kubo, 2005
• Defective lung development (with Wnt2b; Goss, 2009)
• Olfactory bulb reduction (Tsukiyama, 2012)

• early gastrulation defect; Axis formation (Liu P, 1999; M. Capecchi; personal communication)
• Hair growth Kishimoto 2000, Millar 1999
• Defect in establishing the AER (Barrow, 2003)
• medial-lateral retinotectal topography (Schmitt, 2005)
• hippocampal neurogenesis (Lie, 2005)

 vestigial

tail Greco 1996

• somites, tailbud defects (Takada, 1994 Greco 1996 Yoshikawa Y, 1997 ) through loss expression Brachyury (Yamaguchi et al, 1999) This is mediated by Lef-1 (Galceran, 2001)
• deficiency in neural crest derivatives, reduction in dorsolateral neural precursors in the neural tube together with Wnt-1 KO Ikeya M, et al.
• Loss hippocampus (Lee et al, 2000)
• Segmentation oscillation clock (Aulehla 2003)
• Left right asymmetry (Nakaya 2005)
• HSC self-renewal defect (Luis, 2008)
• Hindgut extension, Colon formation (Garriock et al, 2020)

• kidney defects Stark K, 1994, renal vesicle induction Park, 2007
• Sex determination (Kim 2006) defects in female development; absence Mullerian Duct. Ectopic Testosterone synthesis in females. Vainio S, et al 1999
• side-branching in mammary gland (Brisken, 2000)
• decrease in the number of thymocytes (with Wnt-1 deletion; Mulroy 2002)
• Repression of the migration of steroidogenic adrenal precursors into the gonad Jeays-Ward 2003
• Anterior-posterior guidance of commissural axons (not tested in Wnt4 mutant; Lyuksyutova et al, 2003).
• Lung development (Caprioli et al, , 2015)

•  truncated limbs, truncated AP axis, reduced number proliferating cells Yamaguchi 1999
• Distal lung morphogenesis (Li, 2002)
• Chondrocyte differentiation, longitudinal skeletal outgrowth (Yang, 2003)
• Inhibits B cell proliferation and functions as a tumor suppressor (Liang 2003)
• Defects in posterior growth of the female reproductuve tract (Mericskay et al, 2004)
• shortened and widened cochlea (planar polarity) Qian 2007
• Mammary gland phenotype (Roarty, 2007)
• prostate gland development Huang 2009
• intestinal elongation Cervantes, 2009
• endothelial differentiation of ES cells Yang, 2009
• Post-mitotic Filopodial Pathfinding (Wang et al, 2018)

•  stromal cell proliferation in embryo (Wang et al, 2013)

 postaxial hemimelia

Parr 1998

• limb polarity (Parr 1995)
• female infertility; failure regression of the Mullerian duct because the receptor for Mullerian-inhibiting substance is not expressed. Parr 1998
• maintenance appropriate uterine patterning during the development of the mouse female reproductive tract (Miller 1998)
• Delayed maturation synapses in Cerebellum (Hall, 2000)
• High levels cell death in response to DES in the Female Reproductive Tract (Carta L, Sassoon D, 2004)
• May promote neuronal differentiation (Hirabayashi 2004)
• CNS vasculature (with Wnt7b, Stenman 2008)

• Placental developmental defects (Parr, 2001)
• Respiratory failure; defects in early mesenchymal proliferation leading to lung hypoplasia (Shu, 2002)
• macrophage-induced programmed cell death (Lobov, 2005) also in LRP5 and LEF1 mutants)
• Lung development (Rajagopal 2008)
• CNS vasculature (with Wnt7a, Stenman 2008, Liebner 2008)
• cortico-medullary axis in the kidney (Yu et al, 2009)

• Â Loss of function mutant: no effect on neural development, but changes in gene expression. (Fotaki, 2009)

• Loss of function mutant: Joint integrity (Spater 2006)

• regulation of mesenchymal to epithelial transitions (Carroll, 2005)
• renal vesicle induction Park, 2007
• planar cell polarity of the kidney epithelium (Karner, 2009)

•  various skeletal and dental abnormalities
• ectodermal dysplasia (Xu et al, 2017)

• Loss of function mutant: decreased trabecular bone (Bennett 2005), Loss bone mass Stevens et al, 2010
• Taste Papilla Development (Iwatsuki, 2007)
• Loss gene promotes Coexpression of Myogenic and Adipogenic program (Vertino, 2005)
• Overexpression inhibits adipogenesis Ross, 2000

• Ureteric branching defects (Majumdar, 2003) Kispert A 1996
• Cardiogenesis Pandur 2002

•  Bone Density phenotype (Zheng et al, 2012)
• Activated by E2A-Pbx1 fusion protein in Pre-B ALL McWhirter 1999